Wednesday, January 29, 2020
Torture Definition Essay Example for Free
Torture Definition Essay According to David Luban, â€Å"Torture used to be incompatible with American values. Our Bill of Rights forbids cruel and unusual punishmentAmericans and our government have historically condemned states that (practice) torture; we have granted asylum or refuge to those who fear it†(Luban, 1425).            But after 9/11, the American public was divided over the issue of the torture of prisoners of war or civilians suspected of being involved in terrorist activities. The torture debate intensified with the emergence of media exposes regarding the inhumane treatment of prisoners in US military jails such as Guantanamo (2002) and Abu Ghraib (2004). Indeed, is torture justifiable if it was committed by the country that prides itself as the worlds bastion of democracy and human rights?            The 1984 United Nations Convention against Torture (UNCAT) provided the following definitions of torture: â€Å"Any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession†(Garcia, 5); â€Å"Punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind†(Garcia, 5); â€Å"When such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions (Garcia, 5).            Torture reinforces the notion that slaves should be subjugated completely (Luban, 1432). Hence, when a person is tortured, he or she is transformed into a slave – an isolated, overwhelmed, terrorized and humiliated individual, stripped of any semblance of dignity (Luban, 1432). It is from the dynamics of the master-slave relationship that David Luban (2005) based the five aims of torture: Victor’s Pleasure – In his article Liberalism, Torture and the Ticking Time Bomb (2005), Luban argued that â€Å"the predominant setting for torture has always been military victory†(Luban, 1432). Torture, therefore, is the torturer’s way of relieving military victory and establishing his superiority over the faction he defeated (Luban, 1432). Terror – Dictators such as Adolf Hitler, Augusto Pinochet and Saddam Hussein tortured their political prisoners to warn people that anyone who opposed them will share the same fate. Terror can easily subdue a population than the idea that dissidents will be dealt with humanely upon capture. Punishment – Until the last two centuries, criminal offences were punishable with torture (Luban, 1433). But as society became increasingly industrialized (and adopted liberal polities in the process), the concept of torture as a form of criminal punishment was discarded. The French historian and philosopher Michel Foucault explained that this was so because torture was â€Å"a ritual of royal dominance and royal revenge, acted out in public spectacle to shock and awe the multitude†(Luban, 1434). In a liberal democracy, where there is emphasis on popular sovereignty, it is the people who decide how criminals should be penalized. Hence, the concept of using torture to impress the majority became pointless. Extracting Confessions – Before the advent of liberalism, â€Å"legal rules required either multiple eyewitnesses or confessions for criminal convictions†(Luban, 1435). Torture was necessary to achieve these two (Luban, 1435). But in a liberal society, a guilty verdict can be derived from different kinds of evidence that are proven to be credible, instead of just relying on a confession. Hence, torture was no longer needed to secure a conviction. Intelligence Gathering – Luban defined this aim as â€Å"the only one rationale for torture that might conceivably be acceptable to a liberal†(Luban, 1436). However, this motive is dangerous as it rationalizes an act that is strictly prohibited in every global human rights agreement (Geneva Convention, UNCAT, Rome Statute, etc.).            For Luban, the liberals banned torture because it is the microcosm of a tyranny (Luban, 1430). Torture is an integral component of all the evils of an absolutist rule – military conquest, regal punishment, dictatorial terror, forced confessions and the repression of dissident belief (Luban, 1438). Torture victims are â€Å"isolated and reduced instead of engaged and enlarged, terrified instead of active, humiliated instead of dignified,†in sharp contrast to the liberals’ idea of all human beings bearing an innate dignity regardless of race, creed or social status (Luban, 1433). Furthermore, torture is the starkest manifestation of a tyrannical leader – one who takes pleasure in degrading those who oppose his rule (Luban, 1433).            But what if torture was used to supposedly obtain information that will deter future terrorist attacks? Luban argued that this was the premise of the â€Å"liberal ideology of torture†(Luban, 1439). The â€Å"liberal ideology of torture†asserts that torture was necessary for â€Å"intelligence gathering to prevent a catastrophe†(Luban, 1439). Furthermore, torture should not be associated with state tyranny because it was motivated by self-defense and not by cruelty (Luban, 1439).            Torture became part of the â€Å"War on Terrorism†because the latter operated on the war model, which argued that fallen or captured combatants can be replaced by other combatants (May, 310). Hence, the fate that the captured terrorist will experience while in incarceration can serve as a warning to those who will take his place (May, 310). However, this conclusion is based on the premise that the captured terrorist has already been proven to be a real terrorist. What if the torture victim was not a terrorist, but someone who was just suspected to be a terrorist? Under the guises of â€Å"intelligence gathering†and â€Å"preventing terrorism,†the suspected terrorist’s rights to life, counsel and due process were violated.            Torture defeats terrorism at the expense of civil liberties. To make matters worse, the Bush administration wants to make it appear that the United States is exempted from every international law governing human rights. William T. Cavanaugh (2005) elaborates: Many would appeal to what has been called American exceptionalism, the idea that the U.S. is different from other nations and may be held to a higher standard†¦What we need is a frank recognition that America is not different. Approval of torture at the highest levels of government puts the U.S. in the same category as Chile under Pinochet, France in Algeria, Myanmar, Israel, Saudi Arabia and dozens of other countries today. Amnestys annual reports make clear that disregard of human rights in the name of national security is common†¦ (Cavanaugh, n. pag.) Indeed, Luban was right when he wrote in Liberalism†¦, â€Å"The liberal ideology of torture, which assumes that torture can be neatly confined to exceptional ticking-bomb cases and surgically severed from cruelty and tyranny, represents a dangerous delusion†(Luban, 1461). References Allhoff, F. (2005). Philosophy 9/11: Thinking about the War on Terrorism. Illinois: Open Court. BNET. (2005, January 25). Taking Exception: When Torture Becomes Thinkable. Retrieved January 27, 2008, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1058/is_2_122/ai_n9505722 Garcia, M.J. (2007). U.N. Convention against Torture (CAT): Overview and Application to Interrogation Techniques. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Human Rights Watch. (2005, January 7). Abu Ghraib, Darfur: Call for Prosecutions. Retrieved            January 25, 2008, from http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/07/global9968.htm Human Rights Watch. (2005, January 5). US: Mark Five Years of Guantanamo by Closing It. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/01/05/usdom14974.htm Luban, D. (2005). Liberalism, Torture and the Ticking Time Bomb. Virginia Law Review, 19,            1425-1461. May, L. (2007). War Crimes and Just War. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Essay --
The article grants the macroeconomic indicators influences on profitability of firm’s earnings on KSE 100 index (construction and material).the macroeconomic indicators include FDI, INTEREST RATE, EXPORT, and IMPORT. In this study we are taking 19 companies regarding construction and materials listed in KSE 100 index. To check the effect of Profitability on firms earnings through EBIT, ROE, ROA. Fertility in construction and material sector market plays a vital role in the economy of Pakistan, thus profitability is important for responsive construction and materials sector in KSE 100 index. According to a paper done, whose intension to find out the effect of macroeconomic gages on small and medium enterprises effectiveness which indicates that In contemporary years, Lithuania applies considerable interest to SME’S productivity, but investigation associated to the valuation of complicated macro aspects and their impact on the concluding performance of Small and Medium Enterprises is not satisfactory. (Bekeris, 2012) It has been observed that FDI has positive impression on firms out...
Monday, January 13, 2020
The british invasion: musical movement of 1960s
The focal point of the paper is to analyze and evaluate the British Invasion or the musical movement of the mid-1960s composed of British rock-and-roll (â€Å"beat†) groups whose popularity spread rapidly throughout England and the United States. For the purpose it is important to understand the socio political equilibrium of the time. This is because the main factors in this movement are predominantly three fold. The first one is changing social pattern after the Great War. The second important factor is the aspect of cultural contacts and third aspect is the changing face of market and economy in UK and US.It could be mentioned in the initial stages that it was degeneration time. Imperialism had taken its tolls on the world, which was grilling on the last fires of the Second World War. The losses were too heavy, and the shocks, almost unbearable. People just lived through a test of the extent organized cruelty and purposeful ruthlessness could reach. As far as the future was concerned, the initial tremors of what would lead to a massive cross across the globe were being felt – the crack that broke it up into three distinctly different worlds, the first, the second and the third.In this context it would be relevant to mention that the generation was not finding their existence worth while or in other words they wanted more out of their life. This extra bit was searched everywhere and at every aspects of life and music was no different. The Beat movement came to this need of the hour with quite a few new faces budding with musical talents and a whole new genus of music called the rock ‘n’ roll. (Prawer, 221-5)It was regeneration time. Ideological conflicts and military interests were shaking civilization right up to its foundations. The doubts, dilemmas and confusions were gradually, quite slowly indeed, giving way to a new and unique cultural revolution. It was happening all across the United Kingdom and the United States. People sud denly seemed to realize that there was enough of political warfare to disgrace humanity. The prevailing standards suddenly seemed to be meaningless, and the insurgent youths wanted something different to happen.United Kingdom and its Beat Movement was no exception to this movement. As a matter of fact, it was one of the cores of it. The presence of a large number of African-Americans in the city was pushing it ahead to initiate the Civil Rights Movement. Something that had laid its roots in the human mind over a few millennia, apartheid that is, was gradually being uprooted by the new wave of what started being called the rock ‘n’ roll movement. The existing musical trends, blues and country, did not suffice in expressing the protests and grievances of the new generation, which started looking at itself as a victim of political conspiracies. (Powell, 49-53)It could be stated that the focal point of this paper is realizing that what occurred in United Kingdom during the era of 1960s that was instrumental in giving the birth of rock n' roll. This was deeply influenced by the presence of the freshly migrated African American population in United Kingdom and influenced the musical development by a huge margin with musical forms that incorporated jazz meshing with country music.But the basic background of this movement started much earlier and it would be relevant to mention that the black community contributed hugely to this movement. African American history and the context in this case is the great migration during the mid 1900s. While looking into the matter it can primary be mentioned that migration is a subject that is studied on all levels when dealing with humanity and its idiosyncrasies. In order to understand migration we must understand the various components involved in migration, including internal migration, external migration, immigration and both refugees and Internally Displaced Persons. During the twentieth century, especially in the middle decades, it was found that the population of Southern UK with specification of African American origin has doubled within a span of 10 years after the Second World War.The population escalated to a high note and this time the immigrants were there in the region to put their hands on the industrial boom. This was obviously not at par with any single industry like Manchester but the cumulative sum total of the gross output became quite high and the settlements showed the white population of the area that there was more to music than usual traditional themes.These people use to gather around at the evening and presented their compositions to themselves. It was a leisurely approach but people like McCartney or Lennon soon found out that these rural touch of music can be polished and urbanized to develop into a new form of musical genera that was ultimately to be known as Rock ’n’ roll and as these people were from smaller towns and this part was to harvest most of the credit of this new form of music. (Tyerman, 233-37)The life styles of the early 1960’s through the later 1960’s have emerged as fallout of the booming economy that is represented by the generation of ‘baby boomers’. The hardship during the days of the Second World War gave birth to the newest possible philosophies that state it is obvious to follow the trend of open market economy with all its perception of high yielding materialism. This hard cored materialism and pro life oriented attitude was previously known in the western world but now it came into a maximized form which sociologist refer as a pro active action against the mass destruction and insecurity of the last great war. The latest philosophy was to obtain as much as possible that life has to offer. Every social aspect changed with it and along with it changed the world around them.Plays and writer were no different. Colours became more vibrant and approach became more outrageous to k eep up with the society. Joe Orton's plays were a product of this period. UK and US was ready for this change and it only needed a spark to ignite its whole new musical genus. This was provided by the endowments of talented musicians like Roy Orbison, Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins, John Lennon and Elvis Presley. These people were to become the pride of the youth and the era soon came to be known as the cradle of Rock ‘n’ roll. (Manning, 279)The funny side of this approach was however different from the basic perception of the life styles of the early 1960’s through the later 1960 were a confluence of conflicting philosophies. As it was mentioned earlier that the idea of materialism was at its had hitting best but alternatively the simplicities of eastern philosophies, specifically Indian philosophies, were highly acclaimed though it was concentrated within a certain group of people. As a result, the poets and the writers, as least a section of them, who took their inspirations from life and society it self, inclined themselves towards the approach of simplistic formations of art forms.It is a well known fact and it has been shown time and again by many literary historians and researchers that the main targeted audience were the baby boomers who had all the opportunities to take all the advantages of almost any and every marketing gimmicks. UK and its music were not far behind in this era. The musicians of this time needed something more vibrant and colorful and Rock ’n’ Roll came out as the product of the time. (Dollard, 116-7)It should be remembered that this was the era of the beginning of the ‘cold wars’ too and fascination of the authorities towards the space age race and nuclear future was overwhelming. So, it is obvious that the common demography of the country started mimicking the perception of the authorities taking the concept of space age right to their likings. As a result the musical designers coul d not be left far behind. They associated their music with the latest gizmos and presented the feature of Rock ’n’ Roll as new age revolution.The problem was that the new generation was unable to recognize themselves with the usual blues and other traditional forms. They wanted something exclusively that is easily identifiable to them. Rock ‘n’ Roll Music provided that element which included the latest approach to music with more flair and flamboyance. This music possessed more swings and action and this was what the generation of 1960’s wanted. The Beat movement provided this exact genus of music. (Knott, 188-9)The innovative and diversified methodology utilized between these two decades reflects a change in society’s considerations. The choice to change furniture styles reflects a great deal on the emotional status of the era and the need to recover from a series of devastating events. Those devastating events included World War II and a ve ry emotional roller coaster in the depression era which wrought havoc in many ways on the methods of production and the economic infrastructure of the United States and UK. The devastation involved during World War II provided impetus for the designers from various European countries to flee to the United States and UK for sanctuary and freedom of expression. This is where the innovation for the new modern style of music was managed.The 1950’s period was indeed a lively decade for arts and technology where many forces emerged influencing changes in musical design. The push of space travel, the defense industry and consumer booms provided impetus toward increased influences of fashion in lifestyle design. Cheap yet fashionable articles made to be thrown away afterwards became fashionable for household interiors. Youths of the era became a strong influence on this era of design by attacking the principles of tradition in many ways including interior design. Designers were intri gued and influenced by fantasy films, space travel and its mystique and more. Later this attitude was becoming more relevant with pop art culture, the Beatles, Woodstock, Peace, Love, Psycadelia and the Youth Force. (Kumar, 334)In conclusion it can well be stated that it is true that the movement of music in the form of Rock ‘n’ roll developed and reached at a great height but at the same time it is also a fact that it died out soon in its original form. However, the music of this era left a long standing legacy for generations to come in different forms and designs of music along with different issues to protest along with cultural homogeneous forms and changing socio economic and philosophical context, the basic causes of the development of this musical movement.Works Sited:Dollard, John; Zenith and Zero Points of History (New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2004) pp 116-7Knott, P; Development of Analysis of US & UK Economy (Dhaka: Dasgupta & Chatterjee 2005) pp 188-9Kumar, H; Justice of Winners: Win Some, Lose None (Auckland: HBT & Brooks Ltd. 2005) pp 334Manning, C S; Principals and Practices of Hollywood Industry (Christchurch: National Book Trust. 2004) pp 279Powell, M; Anatomy of Modern Culture: Independence of Economy (Wellington: ABP Ltd 2001) pp 49-53Prawer, H A; The Kingdom of Rock’n’Roll (Dunedin: Allied Publishers 2004) pp 221-5Tyerman, J; Invention of the Musical Crusades (Dunedin: Allied Publications 2001) pp 233-37
Sunday, January 5, 2020
Essay on Reaping Social and Academic Benefits by Playing
Introduction and Hypothesis: Stress unites high school students together. Although it may seem counter-productive, putting down the books and taking a break to exercise may actually reduces the built-up stress. Relinquishing this anxiety may help the person perform better on the assignment at hand. Moreover, the benefits of exercising may even extend into social life, increasing the person’s self-esteem and confidence. I hypothesize that physical activity improves a person’s lifestyle. I categorized improvement in lifestyle into two sections: academic performance and social relationships. I believe that about two-thirds of the students in the higher percentiles are active about seven hours a week. Also, I think a majority of the†¦show more content†¦I found myself with a surplus of energy after being active for 75 minutes. I channeled this free energy into my studies, and by the end of the semester, I noticed a steep incline in my marks. In addition to augment ed academic performance, my relationship with peers got better, and I met some new people who I now call friends. I was very interested to see if my fellow grade 12 students shared similar experiences in one way or another. Background Information: I know that exercise helps develop strong muscles, reduces the risk of chronic diseases, and increases self-esteem. Exercise releases a certain â€Å"feel-good†neurotransmitter, a protein that communicates between brain cells and is responsible for mood, known as serotonin. Last year, in Introduction to Psychology, I did my presentation on MDD, major depression disorder. This psychological disorder is strongly linked with a severe deficiency of these neurotransmitters. The beautiful thing about exercise is that everyone has the ability to do it in a variety of forms; it is not dependant on socioeconomic conditions, nor is it dependent on current physique. As I said previously, my social life and academic career was significantly improved as a result of taking two years of a class that demanded daily physical activity. Along with energy, I gained confidence in myself and found joy in who I was as a person. Grade 10 was a dark cloud on my high school experience; I was getting overweight, facingShow MoreRelatedKing Of The Court : Bill Russell And The Basketball Revolution1412 Words  | 6 PagesAustralia. Under International Olympic Committee president Avery Brundage however, the amateur concept was employed, or as Goudsouzian describes, â€Å"Playing sport for its own sake, not material gain.†In addition, Brundage insisted athletes pledged to remain as amateurs even after the Olympics were over. Organizations such as the IOC and the NCAA reaped the benefits of the athletes while the athletes themselves received no compensation of any kind. Finding this logic ridiculous, Bill enmeshed himself in theRead MoreThe Evolution and Corruption of Collegiate Sports Essay1975 Words  | 8 Pagescapitalism, and class and power disparity. Social institutions reflect these ideologies. The world of sport, in particular, has been severely impacted by the corporate mentality, transforming it from a game run by athletes to a big business where the decision-making rests in the hands of national organizations and flows towards the sources of revenue. Sports have become more like work than play, with the primary emphasis being placed on winning rather than playing. Winning attracts spectators and mediaRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid? Essay2818 Words  | 12 Pagesathletes should be paid because of how valuable they are to their school, and because of how hard they work to manage both their sport and school work. 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Thus, applied ethics today includes applications of philosophical theories and methods to problems in the professions such as law, medicine, and business, as well as to social problems such as world hunger, environmental issuesRead MoreCriticism of Ecotourism2740 Words  | 11 PagesEcotourism (also known as ecological tourism) is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) small scale. It pur ports to educate the traveller; provide funds for conservation; directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities; and foster respect for different cultures and for human rights. Ecotourism is held as important by those who participate in it so that future generations may experience aspectsRead MoreTeaching for Cultural Diversity: A Reflective Paper3069 Words  | 12 Pagesexplore the cultural attitudes, the social uncertainties and educational experiences of students that are considered to be the other. During my time, I found out that being the other was harder for the female students than it was for those that male. The girls could always recount the numerous occurrences of verbal abuse, while the students that were boys more commonly dealt with instances of structural exclusion that came from retrieving mainstream social resources. A lot of this abuse was evenRead More Editing and the Crisis of Open Source Essay2819 Words  | 12 Pag esand redistribute it. One of the early defects of â€Å"free†software was the perceived inability to use it in for-profit ventures. Whereas the Free Software movement thinks of the freedom of software’s code to be available to all as an ethical and social imperative, open source treats it as a practical issue. Both GPL and open source licenses can be used in for-profit ventures. â€Å"Copylefted†material must remain â€Å"free†for people to modify, but can be priced for people to buy. With the advent of
Saturday, December 28, 2019
Gender Inequality Is The Unequal Treatment Of Someone...
In modern society gender inequality is the unequal treatment of someone based off their gender rather than their varying skills, abilities, and characteristics. In our society gender equality can be hard to notice sometimes but in other cases it is very obvious such as pay scale for jobs. Many efforts have been taken in the past to get rid of this unequal gap between genders especially in the modern workplace. It is difficulty for many of us to think about gender inequality especially considering how many women are in positions of power currently. Many women can be seen in every field of industry such as doctors, lawyers, and scientists. Even with all of this progress women are still discriminated against and underrepresented in society. One theory that can be used very effectively to analyze gender inequality is the feminist theory. This theory is one of the major sociological theories and analyzes the positions of women and men in society to better the lives of women. It is mostly concerned with giving women an equal role in all aspects of society and the contributions they have given it. In terms of gender inequality feminism recognizes that the social situations of men and women differ greatly between each other. Also in these social situations women are treated even more unequally than how men would be. The feminists argue that women have just as much potential as men and are more than capable of achieving the same level of academic knowledge and skills needed in theShow MoreRelatedWe Should All Be Feminists1084 Words  | 5 PagesAdichie, the author explores several stories in her life that contain gender issues about sexuality, gender inequality and double standard, which show that the idea of feminists is still needed in present-day. Over time the gender issue has cause a grave injustice. This essay wills examines the conception of norms about double standard, gender inequality, and sexuality from Adichie life. 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Thursday, December 19, 2019
Determinism Vs. Free Will - 1341 Words
Determinism is a doctrine suggesting that for every event there exist conditions that could cause no alternative event. Free will is a philosophical term describing a particular sort of capacity of rational agents to choose a course of action from among various alternatives. Understandably, the dichotomy between these two concepts is a topic philosophers have debated over for many years. As a result of these debates, a number of alternative philosophical perspectives arguing for the existence of free will, namely libertarianism and compatibilism, have emerged, existing in stark contrast to determinism. In order to ascertain the extent to which free will is compatible with determinism, one must first consider these different approaches to†¦show more content†¦Their wills, which are believed to be freely gained, are actually the result of a causal chain originating from birth. The fact that humans are governed by their genes and environment means that the ability to make moral decisions as free agents is illusory. For these reasons, the hard determinist position, which is a sound, science-based theory, seems to be incompatible with the concept of free will. Diametrically opposed to hard determinism is a philosophical viewpoint with which free will is closely compatible: libertarianism. Proponents of this position, such as philosopher William James, maintain that humans are all free and therefore, liable for their actions. When making a decision, people â€Å"choose which path to take, and (†¦) are as a result responsible for that choice†. With this in mind, â€Å"the testimony of our direct, lived experience†is what offers â€Å"the most compelling grounds†for this argument; according to James, evidence of free will cannot be found through scientific study. Rather, the existence of free will should be determined by the average person’s â€Å"assumption that personal freedom and responsibility are valid concepts†. In short, the argument that libertarians assert is that free will should be believed in simply because the majority of the population believes in it. The existence of freedom will most likely never be definitively proven orShow MoreRelatedFree Will vs Determinism627 Words  | 3 PagesTed Honderich Determinism Vs Free Will Psychology 101-1322 Professor: James Pattison By: Belinda Bielicki July 2, 2011 Determinism versus Free Will: The most important and the oldest philosophical question is perhaps that of free will and determinism. Do people have free will, or are our actions pre-determined? Ted Honderich defined determinism as the philosophical idea that every event or state of affairs, including every human decision and action, is the inevitable and necessaryRead MoreDeterminism Vs. Free Will1089 Words  | 5 Pages Determinism vs. Free will The belief that all events have causes and if there ever is an equivalent origin, the same outcome will occur is called determinism. Almost meaning that every event is certain and that there really isn’t such thing as â€Å"free will†. We have the debut of free will, it is an unmitigated appearance that simply holds that there is a case about anything that happens in the near future, nevertheless how it comes about. Which leads to the question, do we have free will? OrRead MoreFree Will Vs. Determinism879 Words  | 4 PagesFree Will vs. Determinism What determines and influences human behavior? Humans have been looking the answer for this question during several eras, thus they developed various theories attempting to explain human behavior. Determinism is the belief that one event is the consequence of a previous action, similar to a chain. According to some philosophers who support determinism, the will of an agent follows physical laws, and every action is explicable and predictable by physical conditions. By thisRead MoreFree will vs. Determinism1124 Words  | 5 PagesFree will vs. determinism is an argument as complex, intertwined, and co-dependent as nature vs. nurture or the age-old question of whether it was the chicken or the egg that came first. Philosophers have contemplated the question for ages, and arrived at no satisfactory answer. While considering which topic to address for this assignment, I posed the question of free will vs. determinism to a philosopher friend, whose response was â€Å"I don’t care.†He feels that the question is not worth askingRead MoreFree Will Vs. Determinism1526 Words  | 7 Pagesother’s throats: Free will versus determinism. Scientist believe they have proven that free will is a mere illusion. Philosophers think other wise. With many experiments and arguments included, both have a different view about this topic. One who believes that all thing, including human behavior, are already determined are people who believe in determinism. Others who believe in free will, believe that our actions are caused by free will and are not controlled. Believing in free will means that people’sRead MoreFree Will And Determinism Vs. Determinism1074 Words  | 5 PagesFree Will and Determinism For something to occur in this world, there must be the course and the reason for the occurrence, and which will then affect other future consequences. The theory of determinism states that all events whether moral choices or vices are predetermined by other existing courses. In the same connection, the free will of humans is connected to determinism since humans do things the best way, or they cannot act otherwise. According to Saul McLeod, â€Å"the determinist approach proposesRead MoreFree Will vs. Determinism Essay1716 Words  | 7 Pagesfierce-looking meatloaf, so you decide to go with pizza. So was your decision based off of free will or was this decision predetermined? To fully understand whether your actions resulted from free will or determinism, we must first define each. Determinism is the idea that everything happens due to a cause or a determinant, which is something that can be observed or measured. To put it simply, determinism does not mean that the future can be predicted. Rather, it is a prediction of the possible outcomesRead MoreFree Will Vs. Determinism1349 Words  | 6 Pagesquestions regarding free will and determinism. Free will is a human value that has inspired many individuals throughout history. These concepts of free will and determinism have inspired many poets, spiritualist, philosophers, and activist. There have been numerous philosophers who believe free will is a part of our human nature, and are continually questioning the concept of free will, constantly attempting to understand its true meaning. In contrast to free will, there is determinism, which seems toRead MoreDeterminism Vs. Free Will893 Words  | 4 Pagesthe future is already determined is known in philosophy as determinism. There are various definitions of determinism available; but in this essay, I shall use the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy definition, which is ‘the metaphysical thesis that the facts of the past, in conjunction with the laws of nature, entail every truth about the future This idea presents a difficult problem for the concept of free will: how can we make free choices if all our actions are determined by the facts of theRead MoreFree Will vs Determinism Essay1396 Words  | 6 PagesPHIL 110 Essay #2 February 15, 2010 GTF: Emma Jones Free Will vs. Determinism The argument of whether we humans are pre determined to turn out how we are and act the way we do or if we are our own decision makers and have the freedom to choose our paths in life is a long-standing controversy. The ideas of Sartre, Freud, and Darwin are each strong in their own manner, yet Sartre presents the best and most realistic argument as to how we choose our path; we are in control of the things we do and
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Cxc Integrated Science Paper free essay sample
Light energy is converted to another type of energy when green plants make food, (i) What kind of energy is stored in this food? 1;Li (ii) 4-__ (imark) What substance is combined with carbon dioxide during photosynthesis? dthc (b) mar) Describe bow plants and animals may become fossil fuels. Z___iL â‚ ¬Jrr iW. Ld urthr  (c) Country X is a flat, tropical island, The electricity generating company in Country X uses a petroleumbased fuel. Name TWO alternative sources of energy that can be used for electricity generation in this country. (i) (1 mark) (ii) 1 mark) (d) For EACH alternative source named in (c) above, gie ONE disadvantage which may cause the electricity generating company to resist using the alternative source of energy dcntified I ua - (1 mark) urtcin 4 jQ-LtIL 7/1/LI (e) Recently, many used (pre-owned) vehicles have been imported from Japan and the United States into the Caribbean. This has resulted in an increase in the number of vehicles on the roads and increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the air. (i) Name TWO other pollutants which are being added to the atmosphere because of the increase in the number of vehicles. w pitd. (ii) ether ftcu-t !tL_j-A1r .uwIuuii. ,ri-Gn flW1L (2 marks) 4LcvLA1 State ONE negative effect of ONE of the pollutants named in (e) (i) above, on the environment. iihhtuU d1LLt1 At I 11H1 L1U1 UCLftfl 4 j-t (I (1 mark) (iii) Suggest TWO negative effects of increased levels of carbon dioxide on the Caribbean environment. 1)tL wJ fl- ;th(? ,1t-ubatcL ktL jwkAtUl t 11t cfttk. U (U5W jt . urnkrit (2 marks) iUi4L (iv) What are TWO possible effects of increased levels of air pollution on the health of Caribbean people? (i. Tflx4k.. r oxUt wtItT ai arv ict 9 ,tanar marks) LLUit jitt ctuu4 1 k:) tPiI )Li i.. j_JL)4 -’ (0 There have been serious concerns about the build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in recent years. Table 1 provides data about carbon dioxide emissions by China and the United States. TABLE 1: AMOUNT OF CARBON DIOXII)E EMITTED BY CHI NA AND TI{E UNITED STATES FROM 1968 TO 2008 Carbon Dioxide Emission (in billion tonnes) by Year 1968 1973 1. 1 5. 2 1978 1. 5 5. 3 1983 1. 6 4. 8 1988 2. 4 5,4 1993 2. 9 5. 7 1998 3. 3 6. 2 2003 4. 3 6. 4 2008 6. 6. 4 China USA 0. 7 4. 3 (Data modified from BPp,lc. ) (i) Figure 1 on page 5 shows the data for USA. On the same grid, using the scales provided, plot a graph to represent the data for China. (5 marks) Label the axes on the graph. State an appropriate title for the graph, (1 mark) (ii) (iii) hiun th Ojpc cnu ef i1i,fl doxde n*e (1 mark) (iv) During which period was there a DECREASE in the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by the USA? (lmark) (v) In which year did China emit the same amount of carbon dioxide as the United States? n. (vi) ‘ 1 mark) Based on the trends in the graphs. which country would produce more carbon dioxide in 2010? (1 mark) Total 25 marks 01230020/F 2011 Carho,i /Di)i)/5J p z ‘-I ii 2 SECTION A Answer ALL FOUR questions. I. (a) Light energy is converted to another type of energy when green plants make food. (i) What kind of energy is stored in this food? ( 9 I\ ,1 . (ii) What substance is combined with carbon dioxide during photosynthesis? (1 mark) (b) Describe how plants and animals may become fossil fuels. Qj ‘t JJjJ (2 marks) (c) Country X i s a flat, tropical island. The electricity generating company in Country X uses a petroleum-based fuel. Name TWO alternative sources of energy that can be used for electricity generation in this country. (i) (1 mark) (ii) (1 mark) (d) For EACH alternative source named in (c) above, give ONE disadvantage which may cause the electricity generating company to re 1st using the alternative sour e of en rgy identif ed (1) (ii) )/ 11/-cJ 4 5i / (Imark) GO uN iO HE NEXI PAGE -3- (e) Recently, many used (pre-owned) vehicles have been imported from Japan an the United States into the Caribbean. This has resulted in an increase in the number of vehici s on the roads and increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the air. (i) Name TWO other pollutants which are being added to the atmosphere because of the increase in the number of vehicles. (2 marks) (ii) State ONE negative effect of ONE of the pollutants named in (e) (i) above, on the environment. (1 mark) (iii) Suggest TWO negative effects of increased levels of carbon dioxide on the Caribbean environment. 11/ %4 0 h 4 d 7AtJ1 (iv) What are TWO possible effects of increased levels of air pollution on the health of Caribbean people? 2 marks) ____ _ (f) There have been serious concerns about the build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in recent years. Table 1 provides data about carbon dioxide emissions by China and the United States. TABLE 1: AMOUNT OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMITTED BY CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES FROM 1968 TO 2008 Carbon Dioxide Emission (in billion tonnes) by Year 1968 1973 1978 1. 5 5. 3 1983 1. 6 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 China USA 0. 7 4. 3 1. 1 5. 2 2. 4 5. 4 2. 9 5. 7 3. 3 6. 2 4. 3 6. 4 6. 9 6. 4 4. 8 (Data modfiedfrom BPp. Lc. ) (i) Figure 1 on page 5 shows the data for USA. On the same grid, using the scales provided, plot a graph to represent the data for China. (5 marks) Label the axes on the graph. State an appropriate title for the graph. bittitA w4Lk (A4 (ii) (iii) (1 mark) k\4 ed ii,’vt Iii,A t9* ct (1 mark) (iv) During which period was there a DECREASE in the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by the USA? (v) In which year did China emit the same amount of carbon dioxide as the United States? 7a7 (1 mark) (vi) Based on the trends in the graphs. which country would produce more carbon dinde in 2010? 1 mark) Total 25 marks 01230020’Y 2011 U C C H t4 C C C C C C C C C C -4 -4 ‘C C C 00 -4 ‘0 cc -4 a 1 -4 -a cc ‘C n Lb -t C -4 cr z 00 cc ‘C C a a B -4 CM cc ‘C ‘C c_c C ccl I’ C C 00 2’ C’ 2’ a’ -4 cc C ccc \ SECTION A Answer ALL FOUR questions. 1. (a) Light energy is converted to another type of energy when green plants make food, (i) What kind of energy is stored in t his food? c (1 mark) (ii) What substance is combined with carbon dioxide during photosynthesis? (1 mark) (b) Describe how plants and animals may become fossil fuels. ciY\- cLid ix rnLA I ,Lt -*l ( p j fy-ez Lo (2 marks) (c) Country X is a flat, tropical island. The electricity generating company in Country X uses a petroleum-based fuel. Name TWO alternative sources of energy that can be used for electricity generation in this country. (i) (1 mark) (ii) (1 mark) (d) For EACH alternative source named in (c above, give ONE disadvantage which ma cause the electricity generating company to resist using the alternative source of energy identified. (i) j -utL Ii (1 mark) a _rr ,hci J. (1 vi rk) (e) Recently, many used (preowned) vehicles have been imported from Japan and the United States into the Caribbean. This has resulted in an increase in the number of vehicles on the roads and increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the air. (i) Name TWO other pollutants which are being added to the atmosphere because of the increase in the number of vehicles. (ii) State ONE negative effect of ONE of the pollutants named in (e) (i) above, on the environment, Xc (iii) ,-,-. cccL ci- ,44o ZTZEE (1 mark) Suggest TWO negative effects of increased levels of carbon dioxide on the Caribbean environment. Lccci (iv) L What are TWO possible effects of increased levels of air pollution on the health of Caribbean people? (2 marks) (f) There have been serious concerns about the bui1dup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in recent years. Table 1 provides data about carbon dioxide emissions by China and the United States. TABLE 1: AMOUNT OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMITTED BY CifiNA AND THE UNITED STATES FROM 196 8 TO 2008 Carbon Dioxide Emission (in biffion tonnes) by Year 1968 1973 1. 1 1978 1. 5 1983 1. 6 1988 1993 2. 9 1998 2003 2008 China USA 0. 7 4. 3 2. 4 5. 4 3. 6. 2 4,3 6. 4 6. 9 6. 4 5. 2 5. 3 4. 8 5. 7 (Data modified from BFp. l. c. ) (i) Figure 1 on page 5 shows the data for USA. On the same grid, using the scales provided, plot a graph to represent the data for China. (5 marks) Label the axes on the graph. State an appropriate title for the graph. (1 mark) (ii) (iii) Q (iv) .r.. ’.. o. ii W’Jt 4 c. , tq. . cri mark) During which period was there a DECREASE in the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by the USA? (1 mark) (v) In which year did China emit the same amount of carbon dioxide as the United States? imark) (vi) Based on the trends in the graphs. which country would produce more carbon dioxide in 2010? (1 mark) Total 25 marks 10. 0 :t eZO 9. 0 8. 0 7. 0 6. 0 5. 0 4. 0 3. 0 2. 0 0. 0 1958 1968 1978 e x 1988 S 1998 2008 2013 arboi i nus ( )N TO T FXI Integrated Science Paper 02â€â€June2011 Comments Question 1: Exemplar 1. 2 and 3 Part (a) These candidates were awarded full marks for this part of the question because the candidates clearly stated the type of energy present as required in (i) and correctly named the substance which combines with carbon dioxide uring photosynthesis. These candidates were awarded full marks for this part of the question because the candidates were able to use appropriate scientific terminology and to provide adequate detail to completely answer the question. In addition, the responses were clear. These candidates were awarded full marks for this part because the candidates correctly named the alternative sources of energy. These candidates were awarded full marks for this part because the candidates were able to clearly state appropriate disadvantages of the named alternative sources of energy. These candidates were awarded full marks for this part because the candidates had a comprehensive grasp of pollution, pollutants and their negative impact as required by the syllabus. These candidates were awarded full marks for this part as the candidates clean v demonstrated the ability to construct, label and analyze graphs For sections (i) to (iii) the points were plotted correctly and smooth lines drawn throuch them. the axes were labelled correctly and an appropriate title stated: for sections (iv) to (vi), the candidates were able to correctly extract information from the graph. Part (b) Part (c) Part (d) Part (e) Part (t
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