A Christmas Carol by Charles Dikens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Christmas Carol by Charles Dikens - Essay Example The Past Ghost discussed Scrooge’s childhood, love life just as significant occasions throughout his life which formed his present negativist character. For example, it was told the Scrooge was forlorn in his youth with a broken family. He was surrendered to learn at an all inclusive school where he in the end built up his introverted propensities. Here, we are given a motivation behind why Scrooge couldn't offer any sympathy in light of the fact that in his initial formative years, he had none. He was left to himself, with no loving experiences with his folks or his kin. We feature the youthful Ebenezer’s encounters of past Christmases since, it turned out, most sad occasions occurred during this time clarifying for Scrooge practically psychotic contempt for the occasion. The story went to depict how Scrooge got fixated on work and cash that in the long run drove Belle, his fiancã ©e to leave him. Obviously, business is the main road where Scrooge could exceed expectations and, maybe, as he would like to think, be valued, that is the reason he turned into a compulsive worker. The visit from the three apparitions has given Scrooge another point of view. By and by, he was his old self †avaricious, egotistical, unpleasant and stingy with a specific nauseate against Christmas. The phantoms have likewise indicated how his nephew and his poor family, who only lives on his wage, were presently upbeat regardless of the way that there was a faltering child. At the point when his future was appeared to him alongside the recommendation that he is being allowed a chance to change, Scrooge at last came around. There was the acknowledgment that upon his demise, numerous individuals will celebrate because of the results of his activities. The past encounters appeared to be the significant motivation behind why Scrooge couldn't discover it all alone to perceive how his character has deteriorated nearly past recovery. One of the particular attributes that mark Scrooge is his propensity to smother his past. There is by all accounts a great deal of agony in it for him, not just in what he

The Sole Method You Should Be Using for Writing a Paper Online

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Essay about The Evolution of Writing - 1147 Words

Writing has been a staple of society since its creation centuries ago. The evolution of writing has caused the definition of an acceptable writer to also evolve, and there are many ways to become a practiced writer. Decent writing requires dedication, creativity, and structure. Writing must be a routine in a society for its citizens to become skilled writers. These aspects of writing are found and explained in many articles. In the article, â€Å"Writing in the 21st Century,† Kathleen Yancey spells out how writing has evolved over the years. The author takes us through some key events that shaped writing into what it is today. Yancey brings the reader back to when writing was something that rarely happened outside of the classroom. â€Å"Reading†¦show more content†¦George Sand wrote after making love. Friedrich Schiller sniffed rotten apples stashed under the lid of his desk,† (Wyche 52). Although some of these rituals are odd, they help the writer get the work done. Wyche states that every writer has a ritual to get them focused whether they realize it or not. To prove her point, Wyche conducted a study with students to figure out there rituals. In this study, all the students said they procrastinate. Wyche believes that procrastinating can only hurt you. â€Å"The problem with waiting until the last minute to write is that ideas rarely appear on demand. Instead, they come when listening to others, while reading, or dreaming, or in the middle of other activities† (Wyche 59). She really stresses how crucial it is to give your writing time and effort. Wyche ends her article with steps and ideas that might help readers while they work on their next assignments. David Bartholomae defines, â€Å"Inventing the University,† as a writing process that a college student must undertake every time they begin a new writing piece. He states that students have to assemble and mimic the language of the specific discourse community they want to join. â€Å"He has to learn to speak our language, to speak as we do, to try on the peculiar ways of knowing, selecting, evaluating, reporting, concluding, and arguing that define the discourses of our community,† (Bartholomae 511). If a college student wants toShow MoreRelated The Evolution of Writing as an Important Form of Communication2953 Words   |  12 Pagesprocess of writing starts to take shape, an ide a must be developed and contemplated. The underlying question at the beginning of this process is, Why am I writing? For many, the initial response would be for a job, a grade, or to prove a point. On a basic level, however, animals behave according to two influences: instinct or experience; humans, since they are animals, are no different. There is a debate over whether humans write because it is in their genetic code or because writing is a usefulRead MoreEssay about Arguing Evolution1120 Words   |  5 PagesArguing Evolution There is a blurry and indistinct line between giving the best possible scientific support for a theory in which one strongly believes that has only incomplete evidence, and writing a persuasive piece that will draw people to one side of an argument based on feelings as well as facts. Indeed, there may be no line at all, upon close inspection, but that would be an unpleasant thought to most scientists, who value their ability to write objective reports on subjects and end upRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution, Introduced By Charles Darwin,1265 Words   |  6 PagesThe theory of evolution, introduced by Charles Darwin, is the process by which populations of living organisms change and diversify over time. Evolution has been one of the most controversial topics since the very first day it was proposed. In terms of evolution, science and religion are two separate topics. However, there are some who believe in theistic evolution, which is the study of religious teachings about God (also kno wn as creationism) that are then intermingled with the modern understandingRead MoreStory and Truth in Edwin Blashfields The Evolution of Civilization1284 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough the medium of government-sponsored art, and provide a relatively young nation with a story about themselves -- a visual â€Å"literature† which would connect them to the distant past.1 Among the most famous of these murals is Edwin Blashfield’s The Evolution of Civilization which occupies the massive dome of the Main Reading Room; twelve cultures are represented in the circle, each credited with a unique contribution to Western civilization.2 In one case, ancient Egypt is depicted as having contributedRead MoreGuided Evolution and Intelligent Design: A Guide to the Jewish Perspective783 Words   |  3 PagesRichard Dawkins and Daniel Dennett, tell us that, according to the theory of evolution, neither God nor any other agent has designed or created the living world, and that evolution, therefore, clearly contradicts the central tenant of theistic religion (which Dennett labels â€Å"entirely gratuitous fantasy† ). If what these experts say is true and we must understand evolution only in the context of naturalistic, unguided evolution, â€Å"then evolutionary theory is deeply incompatible with theistic religion,Read MoreHow Charles Darwin Changed the World Forever1409 Words   |  6 Pageschance and would change the world looked at life forever. Charles Darwin had a significantly great impact on culture, writing, and religion by showing the world that we are no longer God’s gift, things happened through probability, and the bible is not a book history. Charles showed the world that we were no longer God’s gift to the earth by showing that we were created through evolution and not placed here on earth by God. One way the Charles Darwin showed this was through a book he wrote called theRead MoreThe Church Of Liberalism By Ann Coulter1729 Words   |  7 Pagesand how teachers are the saints for leftists and schools are like churches of socialism. Then Coulter states that educators are indoctrinating students with false beliefs in evolution and turning children away from Christianity. Finally, Coulter attempts to disprove evolution a very small amount understanding of what evolution really is. In Godless: The Church of Liberalism, Coulter’s misunderstanding of the words she uses, abundance of logical fallacies, and structural problems lead to a book thatRead MoreThe Classic Treatise Evolution By Jay Gould1171 Words   |  5 Pagespaleontologist who once described himself as an â€Å"agnostic leaning towards atheism,â €  wrote the classic treatise Evolution as Fact and Theory for Discover magazine back in 1981. His distinguished career and scientific achievements did earn him respect amongst his peers, but to the general public he is best known for his popular science writings and, to smaller circles, as a champion of evolution. As his treatise was written for a non-academic, science themed magazine, a basic understanding of scienceRead MoreNeil Shubin s Your Inner Fish Essay1689 Words   |  7 PagesReview With a writing style that is enabled by an obvious adoration of the subject, Neil Shubin explores the predecessors of the human species in his book Your Inner Fish. Shubin draws upon his unique background as a paleontologist, embryologist, and geneticist to trace defining phenotypical traits that are inherent to humans to even the simplest of organisms. He delves into the difficult details of evolution that have long remained mysteries until recent years, specifically analyzing the transitionRead MoreWriting And Mathematics, Two Vital Mesopotamian Creations1183 Words   |  5 PagesWriting and Mathematics, Two vital Mesopotamian creations What kind of world would we live in without being able to write or perform mathematic functions? Writing and mathematics are two of the most indispensable creations crafted by the Mesopotamians that helped shaped our society as we know it today. The Mesopotamian conception of writing allowed society to keep records, to document events, and to establish a formal educational system. With the ability to keep records, a system of mathematics

Managing And Being A Leader Share Similar Traits - 1487 Words

Managing and being a leader share similar traits, but each of these titles differ in terms of long term efficiency. Leading is one of the four management functions, along with planning, organizing, and controlling. For a manager to reach success, leadership is a critical factor a manager must implement daily. There are two views regarding how a manager enacts leadership. One view, the direct responsibility for an organizations success or failure links directly to the manager, or the organizations success or failure is due to external forces outside the managers control. These two categories of leadership are the guidelines that depict how a manager handles obstacles on a daily basis. Managers implement a leadership style and in doing shape themselves into the type of manager others perceive them to be. Comparing and contrasting these two leadership styles from the film 12’O Clock High, regarding General Savage and Colonel Davenport, and an article on Hurricane Katrina, regardi ng General Honore and Mr. Brown, we see which type of leadership is more effective, efficient, productive and in the long term reaches success. The omnipotent view of management states that managers are directly responsible for the success or failure of the organization. In other words, the quality of the manager is the quality of the organization. On the other hand, the symbolic view of management is a viewpoint that the organizations success or failure is due to external factors that are out of theShow MoreRelatedDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles868 Words   |  4 PagesBeing an effective manager means knowing when to use the right management style. The six management styles are coaching, strategic, laissez- faire, bureaucratic, autocratic, and democratic. Managers have to perform many roles in an organization and knowing how they would handle difficult situations will depend on their style of management. The purpose of the paper is to understand a little about all the managem ent styles and then which one best fits my personality and how it should be handled. BeingRead MoreMultinational Corporations : Is There A Difference?1442 Words   |  6 Pagesto be developed and emphasized. As cited in Simply Managing, what makes a leader successful is the ability to â€Å"†¦flourish in a demanding environment. To collaborate for the greater good. To set clear direction in a rapidly changing world. To be fearlessly decisive† (Mintzberg, p. 140). As our economic world continues its globalization trend, organizations must adapt their structure to accommodate the skills and techniques required of its leaders. According to Business Wire, â€Å"Globalization is viewedRead MoreThe Action Of Leading A Group Of People Or An Organization1489 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup of people or an organization. The ever-changing world today is begging for leaders to stand up and come forth. As the world is looking for these confident leaders, it is important to know what m akes up the psychological aspect of leaders. All successful leaders share similar basic characteristics. These characteristics make it so leaders are able to advocate their ideas, and lead a team into success. Also, for leaders to lead, there must be followers to follow. Psychologically, followers followRead MoreTransformational Leadership Theory : The Transformational Theory1280 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduced by Burns (1978). Burns (1978) observed the characteristics of various leaders. The transformational theory is centered on the links formed amongst leaders and followers. The transformational leadership theory assumes that people will follow a leader who inspires them, and that a leader with a vision and passion can achieve great things. Also, the transformational leadership theory noted that the way leaders get things done is by showing enthusiasm and energy (Price, 2008). TransformationalRead MoreLeader, Leadership, And Management1430 Words   |  6 PagesLeader is a word denoted to people in authority, but are all people in authority truly leaders? This is a common question raised by people around the world. There are different opinions on the subject regarding â€Å"leadership† and â€Å"management†. These two words are expressed and understood differently. Some treat both terms equally using the words irrespectively of the other. There are those who believe there are fundamental differences, but believe an individual may be successful as both leaderRead MoreIKEA case analysis Essay991 Words   |  4 Pagesthe domestic market for the since opening and the key to its achievements is Kamprad’s leadership. He not only had the vision for the furniture industry, market’s situation, and enthusiasm for business, but Kamprad also played an important role in managing the company’s resources, turned it into capabiliti es and prove IKEA’s distinctive core competencies. Example for that can be IKEA’s leap on the furniture retail industry: more affordable products to target the large amount of customer, showroom andRead MorePersonal Philosophy Of Public Administration And Public Leadership1568 Words   |  7 Pagesprivate sector, rather they are different. The complexity of the public sector grows as the public problems being addressed grow more complex as well. Thus, increasing the need for â€Å"specific skill sets managers need to excel in this increasingly decentralized, collaborative, and networked environment† (Acar et al., 2007, para. 1). In order to enable him or herself as a public sector leader, the individual must understand the specific skill sets needed to accomplish the task. For example, given theRead MoreCross Cultural Leadership And Diversity975 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership and Diversity Globalization and changing demographic patterns are making it more important for leaders to understand how to influence and manage people with different values, beliefs, and expectations. There has been more leadership research on cross†cultural aspects and gender differences than on other types of diversity (Ospina Foldy, 2009). Importance of Cross-cultural Research Leaders must also be able to understand how people from different cultures view them and interpret their actionsRead MoreCharacteristics Of Satan In Paradise Lost1029 Words   |  5 Pagesthat describes the fall of Satan and the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise. Throughout the poem, Milton portrays Satan in a way that makes him tragically attractive to humans. Satan appears to be the protagonist of Paradise Lost and has several traits in which readers can identify with. Not only is Satan a tragic hero in the literature, but also he is also the main character in the plot and portrays many flawed human qualities. Because Satan is a fallen angel from the kingdom of God and becauseRead MoreLeadership Is A Good Leader And A Group1630 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership is a process that occurs between a leader and another individual; between the leader and a group. Or between a leader and an organization, on a community, or a society; and that influences others, often by inspiring en livening, and engaging others to participate in the achievement of goals. Leadership is a subtle art and skill. It is based on inherent qualities of the individual and developed over time, through life events and experiences that range from significant to life altering. Leadership

The Scarlet Letter vs. the Great Gatsby free essay sample

She is also in conflict with her husband because he is not giving up on finding out who had an affair with her. This classic novel shares many literary elements with The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. However, can we say that both novels are similar? We will discuss this matter by comparing and contrasting the main male tragic heroes in each novel as well as the same themes used in each books. Nathaniel Hawthorne, the author of The Scarlet Letter, was born on July 4th 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts. He was the second child of a U. S Navy Captain who died of yellow fever in Suriname in 1808. Since he was only four years old, Nathaniel was raised by his older sibling and his mom. As he got older, he grew this insane love for writing. He wrote and published his first piece of literature, The Spectator, in the August of year 1820. To share his talents, he distributed that newsmagazine to all of his loved ones. A year later, Hawthorne enters in Bowdoin College, where he became friends with the future poet, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and future American President, Franklin Pierce. He then graduated in four years later in 1825. For the next ten years, Hawthorne begins to isolate himself from the world. He decides to stop talking to friends and family to focus on his writing to achieve his goal on becoming a successful author. Three years after his decade of intense isolation, Hawthorne publishes his first novel anonymously, Fanshawe. Unfortunately, Fanshawe did not bring success to Hawthorne at all. After publishing two more short stories with his original name, Nathaniel Hathorne, Hawthorne decides to add a â€Å"w† in his last name in 1830 for professional and personal uses. Nine years later, Hawthorne finds a job at the Custom House in Boston. A couple years after, he decides to quit his job to move Brook Farm in Massachusetts until the following November. After a three-year engagement, Hawthorne marries a painter named Sophia Peabody on July 9th 1842. He then has two children with her: Una, his daughter, and Julian, his son. A couple years after his children’s birth, Hawthorne loses his job at the Salem Custom House because of a political shakeup. To revenge his frustration against his town, he starts to work on The Scarlet Letter, a novel that talks about hypocrisy and adultery in Salem. A month later, Hawthorne enters into a deep depression after the death of his mother but still keeps writing on his novel which is published in March, 1850 and becomes a huge success. A little over a decade later, after his third child was born, Hawthorne dies on May 19th, 1864 on a vacation with Franklin Pierce, a friend and the former President of America. To begin, The Scarlet Letter and The Great Gatsby share many similar characteristics in the two main male characters: Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale from The Scarlet Letter and Jay Gatsby from The Great Gatsby. First of all, they had both committed adultery with the woman they fell in love with. Also, they are both tragic heroes; they are noble but imperfect, successful and powerful men but deal with aggravation in their personal lives and, theses two characters brought their own downfall with their hamartia. Dimmesdale was a respected Reverend who was gifted with wisdom. He lived most of his life in secrecy and regret when he kept silent that he was the man who had committed adultery with Hester Prynne. Because of this, until he spoke the truth, Hester was not respected and was discriminated in their community. Additionally, their society did not consider her daughter as a human because they did not know who the father was. Gatsby was also a noble and successful man but he was not happy with his life. He was disappointed of his past because his born into a poor family and he was trying to win back the love of his life but couldn’t because she was married. Gatsby and Dimmesdale are also similar in the fact that they were both suffering for the woman they loved. Dimmesdale really wanted to reveal that he was the father of Hester’s daughter but did not want to suffer from the consequences. Gatsby also wanted to expose his love for Daisy and win her back but he had to surpass the obstacle of her being married to a different man. Although these two tragic heroes are similar, they also share some contracting elements. Firstly, they both live in different time periods; Dimmesdale lived in the 19th century and Gatsby lived in the 20th century. In addition, both characters have different meanings for love. For example, n the novel The Great Gatsby, when Jay Gatsby confesses his love for Daisy, we notice he is only focusing on how much he loved her house and her possessions. â€Å"He hadn’t once ceased looking at Daisy, and I think he revalued everything in his house according to the measure of response it drew from her well-loved eyes. Sometimes, too, he stared around at his possessions in a dazed way, as though in her actual and ast ounding presence none of it was any longer real. Once he nearly toppled down a flight of stairs. † (Fitzgerald 96). Therefore, Gatsby only loved Daisy for her wealth and her social class. On the other hand, Arthur Dimmesdale truly loved Hester Prynne for who she was from the beginning. Consequently, Gatsby is shallow compared to Dimmesdale. Furthermore, Gatsby did not have any real friends. Most of the people he hung out with where his business partners who only used him to make money and attend his fancy parties. On the contrary, Dimmesdale was surrounded with people who truly loved him and respected him for who he was. This is why when Gatsby died, almost nobody attended his funeral and Dimmesdale died in the arms of his loved ones. As a final point, these characters have both similar and contrasting elements. In addition, The Scarlet Letter and The Great Gatsby both have common themes: adultery and the judgment of society. By way of contrast, the same themes of each story are explained differently. To begin, in both novels, the theme of adultery is explained in unison: adultery will lead to many consequences. It is the theme of how society is judging adultery that is important. In the novel, The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne had an affair with Dimmesdale and her society did not agree with this action. She was punished for her decisions and had to spend years being discriminated by her own friends and neighbors. It wasn’t until the end of the book, when Dimmesdale came forward of him being Pearl’s father, that Hester and Dimmesdale seeked forgiveness and became free of guilt by becoming better people. As Pearl grew older, Hester’s society appreciated her and looked up to her as a mother figure; â€Å" Such helpfulness was found in her – so much power to do and power to sympathize – that many people refused to interpret the scarlet â€Å"A† by its original signification. They said it was â€Å"Able†; so strong was Hester Prynne, with a woman’s strength† (Hawthorne 145). Hence, in the time period that Hester lived in, her community put a lot of energy and cares towards tradition and did not believe in those satanic actions. However, in the novel, The Great Gatsby, when Tom had his affairs with Myrtle and when Daisy had her affairs with Gatsby, all of their friends and family knew about it but did not care because it was none of their business. The society they lived in only cared about living the American dream. These characters only committed adultery for the pleasure of it. They had no remorse for one another. But, Daisy and Tom both felt guilty when the people they were committing adultery with had died of tragic accidents. They were both suffering from their pains. It was only Nick Carraway, Daisy’s cousin, who thought that their actions were inappropriate and disgusting. As a final point, both novels share similar themes but are judged differently. To answer the question, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, is similar to F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. We can conclude with this answer because Arthur Dimmesdale and Jay Gatsby are two different characters that made the same mistakes and had the same ambitions: committing adultery with the woman they loved and wishing to be with them for the rest of their lives no matter how big their obstacles are. Also, both novels share the same themes and messages on how adultery can cause a negative affect in one’s life. On the other hand, since both stories were written in different time periods, the community in where the characters lived in had a different point of view on adultery. Works cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott, and Matthew J. Bruccoli. The Great Gatsby. New York: Collier, 1992. Print. Nathaniel Hawthorne Biography. Nathaniel Hawthorne. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. Nathaniel Hawthorne Timeline. Shmoop. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter: Includes DVD. New York: Signet Classics, 2005. Print. [ 1 ]. Nathaniel Hawthorne Timeline. Shmoop. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. [ 2 ]. Nathaniel Hawthorne Biography. Nathaniel Hawthorne. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. [ 3 ]. Hamartia: flaw, mistake or error.

Effects of Ozone Depletion

Introduction There are significant numbers of adverse effects caused by the depletion of the ozone layer, as supported by several publications. The negative health impacts that are brought about byAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Ozone Depletion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More the depletion of the ozone layer and climate change and are categorised as either acute or chronic (Rass, 2006). The acute effects include minor skin injuries, such as skin dryness and photokeratitis, also known as the snow blindness (Neale, 2007). The chronic impacts of ozone depletion on human include effects, such as skin cancer, photoaging, and the long term damages that the ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes the human eye (Parker Morrissey, 2003). The depletion of the ozone has not only affected the health of humans across the globe, but it has also contributed to the way the natural ecosystem is organized. The climate has changed all over the world, with weather patterns changing every year (Water Program, 2011). This has become challenging even to the weathermen, who sometimes give contradicting weather expectations from what occurs. The changing climate has impacted the ecosystem, where the migration of particular animals has been hampered and, in other cases, reversed (Mathole, Ndarana, Beraki, Landman, 2014). Various catastrophic climate-related events, such as hurricanes, have occurred in several locations, causing deleterious effects on human activity. The amount of water in the seas is said to be increasing day by day, which is a major threat to the habitat (Climate Action, 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper seeks to discuss the impacts of ozone depletion on the health of human beings. It also examines the effects that climate change has brought to the ecosystem, the water systems in particular. Finally, the paper gives the economic impact of climate change. Harm to Human Health The effects of solar radiation on the skin According to Parker and Morrissey (2003), the negative effects of solar radiation on human skin could be categorized as either acute or chronic. The acute refers to the short-term effects, while chronic effects refer to the long-term effects. Among the short-term effects of solar radiation on the human skin include sunburn, thickening of the epidermis, and the dryness of the skin (Guhl et al., 2005). The chronic effects of solar radiation on the human skin include skin cancer and photoaging. Thomas and Callen (2001) explain how sunburn occurs in a person. Inflammation of the skin, otherwise known as the sunburn or erythema, occurs the moment the skin is exposed to UV radiation of between 295-400nm. However, the sunburn caused does not last more than 24 hours (Thomas Callen, 2001). Melanogenesis, otherwise known as tanning, occu rs when the skin is exposed to the solar radiation of above 295nm for more than one day (Parker Morrissey, 2003). According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2011), an increase in the exposure of human skin to the solar radiation can lead to various skin diseases. Such conditions include pemphigus, lupus erythematous, and skin photosensitivity. Green (1999) adds that extensive exposure of the human skin to the solar radiation contributes to the suppression of the immune system.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Ozone Depletion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most widely studied chronic effect of solar radiation on the skin of humans is the skin cancer. The World Health Organization (2015) writes that exposure to solar radiation catalyses basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). BCC and SCC are the primary causes of skin cancer. It is interesting to note that the ski n type is a contributing factor in the probability of whether one will be diagnosed with skin cancer or not. Young (2009) argues that humans with skin types 1 and 2 are more prone to skin cancer, while those with skin types 3 and 4 being less prone to skin cancer. On the other hand, melanoma, a much less cause of skin cancer is the leading contributing factor to the deaths that are associated with skin cancer. The main factors contributing to melanoma are the skin colour and the level of skin exposure to the solar radiation. In areas with low latitudes, such as Australia, pale skinned individuals are more prone to melanoma and skin cancer, compared to dark skinned people in the same region (European Commission, 2006). To this effect, the European Commission generalizes that advice regarding protection from the sun should be focused on the white skinned people, rather than dark-skinned individuals because it is pale/white coloured individuals that are more prone to cases of melanoma and skin cancer. According to the World Health Organization (2015), patients who have high numbers of melanocytic naevi are also at an increased risk of contracting melanoma. Photoaging is a skin condition that occurs when skin ages as a result of prolonged exposure to the ultraviolet radiation (Gass, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The notable signs of photoaging include laxity, wrinkles, and uneven alignment of the skin pigments, as stated by the British Columbia (2013). When matrix metalloproteins (MMPs) are induced, the collagen in the human skin gets degraded, and this is believed to be the cause of photoaging. According to the Social Learning Group (2001), there are specific ways through which mankind can protect himself from the damages caused by solar radiations on the skin. Such measures include minimizing sun exposure, especially at noon time, drinking water in abundance to avoid dehydration and skin dryness, use of a sunscreen that has a sun protection factor of more than 15, and self-checking the skin on a regular basis to identify skin changes as they happen. One can also take breaks in the shade when the sun is very strong, use proper protective clothing and sunglasses during high sunshine, and taking part in various seminars and events that are organized to train the general public on the potenti al damages of solar UV radiation on humans, as well as the best methods to protect oneself from the harmful effects of solar radiation. The effects of solar UV radiation on the eye Thomas and Callen (2012) give a good explanation of the human eye. The human eye can reflect visible radiation on its retina. The eye has several layers that shield it from sunlight by toning down the radiation. As a result, the eye is protected from the UV-induced photo damage. One of the effects of UV radiation on the human eye is what is referred to as photokeratitis. According to Thomas and Callen (2012), photokeratitis is a painful condition that is inflammatory in nature. They signal that photokeratitis is, sometimes, referred to as snow blindness, whereas other people refer to it as welder’s flash. However, Green (1999) reveals that photokeratitis will appear just 2 -12 hours of exposure and then disappear in just 48 hours. Several studies have revealed that UV radiations from the sun cause ocular melanoma (Gass, 2005). Other studies have shown that people, who take more time out, especially in the weekdays, are more prone to ocular melanoma than individuals who do participate in outdoor activities on specific days (Rass, 2006). Ocular melanoma is determined by how much UV light comes into contact with the skin, but not the latitude of exposure. UV-induced Vitamin D and its impact on health UV radiations from the sun have various effects on the life of human beings. One such effect is the ability to catalyse the synthesis of vitamin D. According to the World Health Organization (2015), Vitamin D is crucial for the stability of the musculoskeletal system. However, there is a worrying fact that is recorded by the WHO in the sense that quite a good number of the earth’s population has a deficit of vitamin D. As a result, there have been increased cases of children developing rickets at an early stage of their development, especially in the third world countries lik e a majority of the African countries. Several studies have demonstrated how UV radiations can transfer to the human body though vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency has been proven to be an easy way through which UV radiations are able to penetrate though the human skin (Abdel-Naser, Krasagakis, Garbe, Eberle, 2003). When one is vitamin D deficient, then his skeletal composition becomes so worn out that the skin can no longer protect the body from harmful adverse UV radiations. As a result, there are high chances of contracting skin cancer and any other skin-related ailment brought about by UV radiations (Rass, 2015). Weakening of the human immune system According to Young (2009), there are a number of cases where excessive exposure to UV radiation has been associated with the weakening of the human immune system. Suppression of the white blood cells, which are credited for the fighting mechanism of the human body, occurs with prolonged exposure to the sun’s UV radiation. When t his occurs, the human body fails to produce the required antigens to fight diseases. Young (2009) states that the weakening of the immune system due to the increased periods of exposure to the sun affects people with varying skin colours, irrespective of their location on the globe. Green (1999) indicates that the weakened immune system due to over-exposure to UV radiation could be one of the leading causes of infections and diseases like malaria, leprosy, measles, tuberculosis, and various fungal infections. According to the World Health Organization (2015), the efficacy of vaccinations is reduced once the white blood cells beneath the skin are weakened by intense UV radiations. The inability of the skin to fight infections is greatly contributed by the reduced ability of the skin to allergic reactions. Impacts on Natural Ecosystems Effects of climate change on water resources The effects of climate change on water resources have been devastating. Climate change has come with incre ased temperatures that have increased the level of evaporation of the rivers and other water bodies (Water Program, 2011). The result of this is that many rivers are now drying up or becoming temporary. Some deserts have also been created as a result of increased evaporation induced by increased temperatures. Some regions depend on glacier ice for the replenishment of their fresh water (Newman et al., 2014; Ganguly Iyer, 2006). However, climate change has brought with it very high temperatures that are posing a threat to these glaciers. Climate change has led to the reduction of the seasonally frozen ground water (The Department of Environmental Protection, 2010). Consequently, lakes are disappearing as a result of permafrost draining and the coastal erosion at the Arctic has increased as well. The quality of our waters has been interfered with by the vast changing climatic conditions brought about by the depletion of the ozone layer. The number of organisms in fresh waters has red uced significantly, and the composition of species in the same waters has changed a lot (Water Facts, 2010). There have been increased flooding as a result of climatic change, which have affected many livelihoods, including loss of property and lives in the worst scenarios. The Economic Impact of Ozone Depletion The economic consequences that are associated with the ozone depletion stem from the above discussions on climate change. The various skin-related ailments caused by prolonged exposure to UV radiation call for increased investment in the health sector to cure the diseases (European Commission, 2006). Many countries are feeling the pinch of the climatic change, as they are injecting billions of money into the health sector to curb the health conditions.The change in climate has reduced agricultural productivity drastically. Several countries are not able to produce enough food, as it used to be in the past years (European Commission, 2006). As a result, there have been increa sed hunger and droughts, which affect government expenditure, as it has to shift focus on how to feed its people. Conclusion The depletion of the ozone has contributed to various effects, both on the health of human beings, as well as to the natural ecosystems. The various effects of ozone depletion on humans include skin ailments, such as skin drying and skin cancer, destruction of the human eye, and suppression of the immune system. A good example of the adverse effect of climate change is the interference of the world’s waters. All these effects become economic burdens for the various countries. References Abdel-Naser, M., Krasagakis, K., Garbe, C., Eberle, J. (2003). Direct effects on proliferation, antigen expression and melanin synthesis of cultured normal human melanocytes in response to UVB and UVA light. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology Photomedicine, 19(3), 122-127. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0781.2003.00034.x Climate Action. (2012). Protection of the ozone layer: Questi ons and Answers. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ozone/faq_en.htm European Commission. (2006). Biological effects of ultraviolet radiation relevant to health with particular reference to sunbeds for cosmetic purposes. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_sccp/docs/sccp_o_031b.pdf Ganguly, N. D., Iyer, K. N. (2006). Long-term trend in ozone and erythemal UV at Indian latitudes. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 55(3), 227-239. doi:10.1007/s10874-006-9035-9 Gass, R. (2005). Mortality from malignant melanoma: epidemiological trends in Switzerland. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax, 94(34), 1295- 1300 Green, A. (1999). Incidence and determinants of skin cancer in a high-risk Australian population. Int J Cancer, 46, 356-361 Guhl, S., Stefaniak, R., Strathmann, M., Babina, M., Piazena, H., Henz, B. M., Zuberbier, T. (2005). Bivalent effect of UV light on human skin mast cells—low-level mediator release at baseline but potent suppression upon ma st cell triggering. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 124(2), 453-456. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23523.x Mathole, K., Ndarana, T., Beraki, A., Landman, W. A. (2014). Impact of lower stratospheric ozone on seasonal prediction systems. South African Journal of Science, 110(3/4), 1-8. doi:10.1590/sajs.2014/20130161 Neale, R. E. (2007). Basal cell carcinoma on the trunk is associated with excessive sun exposure. J Am Acad Dermatol, 56(3), 380-386. Newman, P. A., Kramarova, N., Nash, E. R., Long, C. S., Pitts, M. C., Johnson, B., †¦ Braathen, G. O. (2014). g. Ozone depletion. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, S152-S156. Parker, L., Morrissey, A. W. (2003). Stratospheric ozone depletion. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Publishers Rass, K. (2006). UV-damage and DNA-repair in basal and squamous cell carsinomas: Molecular mechanisms of basal cell and squamous cell carsinomas. Bioscience Medical Intelligence Unit: Springer. Social Learning Group. (2001). Learning to manage gl obal environmental risks: A functional Analysis of social responses to climate change, ozone depletion and acid rain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press The British Columbia. (2013).The Impacts of ozone depletion. Retrieved from http://www.bcairquality.ca/101/ozonedepletionimpacts.html The Department of Environmental Protection. (2010). Health and environmental effects of air pollution. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/oar/visibility/ The World Health Organization. (2015). Health effects of UV Radiation. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/uv/health/en/ Thomas, J., Callan, S. (2012). Environmental economics and management: Theory, policy, and applications. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). Health and environmental effects of ozone layer depletion. Ozone Layer Protection- Science. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/spdpublc/science/effects/index.html Water Facts. (2010). Climate change and water resource management: Adaptation Strategies for protecting pe ople and the environment. New York, NY: National Resources Defence Council. Water Program. (2011). The impact of climate change on water resources. Retrieved from http://www.gracelinks.org/2380/theimpactofclimatechangeonwaterresources Young, C. (2009). Solar ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. Occupational Medicine, 59(2), 82-88. This essay on Effects of Ozone Depletion was written and submitted by user Gauge Burks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Problems With Spelling Rules in English

Problems With Spelling Rules in English A spelling rule is a guideline or principle meant to assist writers in the accurate spelling of a word. Also called a spelling convention. In our article Top Four Spelling Rules,  we point out that traditional spelling rules are  a bit like weather forecasts: we may use them, but we really cant depend on them to be right 100% of the time. In fact, the only foolproof rule is that all spelling rules in English have exceptions. Spelling rules differ from the rules of grammar. Spelling rules, says Steven Pinker, are consciously taught and learned, and they show little of the abstract logic of grammar (Words and Rules, 1999). Examples and Observations Spelling rules  can help us spell accurately by giving guidelines on how to make plurals (more than one), how to add suffixes (such as -ly and -ment) and how to change the form of verbs (for example, by adding -ing).Words that have come into English from other languages often keep that languages spelling rules and letter combinations. . . . A knowledge of word history (etymology) helps us follow the rules because then we know which language the spelling rules have come from.(John Barwick and Jenny Barwick,  The Spelling Skills Handbook for the Word Wise. Pembroke, 2000)An example of  a spelling rule is  the deletion of final silent e before a vowel initial suffix; arrange, arranging; blue, bluish. This rule is broken (i.e., the e is retained) in singe, singeing; dye, dyeing; hoe, hoeing; glue, gluey; etc.(TESOL Newsletter, 1975)Traditional Spelling RulesMost traditional  spelling rules are  based on the written language only. Consider these two examples: to form the plura l of nouns ending in y, change y to i and add es (cry – cries), and i goes before e except after c (quite a useful reminder, though there are a few exceptionsweird, neighbour, etc.). In such cases, we dont need to know anything about the sounds conveyed by the letters: the rules work on the letters alone. Rules of this kind are useful, as far as they go. The trouble is, of course, that they dont go very far. They need to be supplemented by more basic rules which tell the learners to relate what they see to what they hear. Ironically, it is these rules which are usually not taught but left for children to pick up as best they can. Not surprisingly, most children dont.(David Crystal, The English Language: A Guided Tour of the Language, 2nd ed. Penguin, 2002) Teaching and Learning Spelling RulesIn general, research has not shown the formal teaching of spelling rules to be an effective instructional methodalthough several anecdotal and case-study accounts (particularly from older students with learning disabilities) have suggested that learning rules helped them combat a spelling weakness (Darch et al., 2000; Massengill, 2006).Many rules are very complicated, and may apply only to a very small number of words. . . .Students with learning difficulties have the greatest problem remembering and applying spelling rules. It is best instead to teach these students effective strategies for learning new target words and for proofreading, rather than attempting to teach obscure rules that are unlikely to be remembered or understood (Watson, 2013).(Peter Westwood,  Teaching Spelling: Exploring Commonsense Strategies and Best Practices. Routledge, 2014)The Problem With Spelling RulesFrom a linguists point of view, rules are part of the natural syst em of language. But since spelling was arbitrarily standardized, the spelling rules that exist in school books are not the natural rules of other aspects of language. And as dialects change and drift apart, and language as a dynamic organic system evolves, the rules stay the same, making them a bad fit for the changing sounds.  Because of its multiple origins, English spelling is complex, and  spelling rules are  far from a simple alphabetic–sound correspondence.(Kenneth S. Goodman and Yetta M. Goodman, Learning to Read: A Comprehensive Model.  Reclaiming Reading, ed. by  Richard J. Meyer and Kathryn F. Whitmore. Routledge, 2011) An Alternative Approach Is Morphemic Spelling RulesMorphemes are units of meaning. Some words have one such unit, but many have more than one. There is only one morpheme in the adjective glad, while gladly, an adverb, and gladness, a noun, have two morphemes each. All three words share the same root morpheme, glad; but the added -ly ending in gladly and -ness in gladness turns the first of these two words into an adverb and the second into an abstract noun. . . . Whenever you put -ly or -ness on the end of an adjective you generate an adverb in the first case and an abstract noun in the second. . . .  [T]he same morphemes tend to be spelled in the same way in different words. The result is a set of morphemic spelling rules, which transcend the basic alphabetic rules and . . . play a great part in childrens successes and failures in learning to read and write. . . .[M]orphemic spelling rules are a valuable but neglected resource for those learning to be literate.(Peter Bryant and Te rezinha Nunes, Morphemes and Childrens Spelling.  The SAGE Handbook of Writing Development, ed. by  Roger Beard et al. SAGE, 2009)